We will describe a set just as a list. Each item is a name of item or a name of another set.
all_sets[] is a dictionary that stores all sets currently known in our world. A repository of all sets, so to say.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# all sets known/registered in our world
all_sets={}
# some settings for a primitive toy graphics editor:
# 3 elements:
all_sets["colors"]=["red", "green", "blue"]
all_sets["shapes"]=["circle", "square", "line"]
# 4 elements:
all_sets["line_styles"]=["solid", "dotted", "dashed", "dashdot"] # dashdot: -.-.-.-.-.-
all_sets["fonts"]=["italic", "bold", "slant", "serif"]
# self-reference.
# all_sets_of_3_elements also contains 3 elements:
all_sets["all_sets_of_3_elements"]=["colors", "shapes", "all_sets_of_3_elements"]
# self-reference.
# directly or transitively:
all_sets["all_sets_containing_red"]=["colors","all_sets_containing_red"]
# no self-reference:
all_sets["all_sets_of_4_elements"]=["line_styles","fonts"]
# self-reference.
all_sets["all_sets_with_names_starting_with_a"]=["all_sets_of_3_elements", "all_sets_of_4_elements", "all_sets_containing_red", "all_sets_with_names_starting_with_a"]
def set_has_self_reference(set_name):
return set_name in all_sets[set_name]
def enum_all_sets_with_no_self_reference():
tmp=[]
for set_name in all_sets.keys():
if set_has_self_reference(set_name)==False:
tmp.append(set_name)
return tmp
all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"]=enum_all_sets_with_no_self_reference()
print (all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"])
# ['colors', 'shapes', 'line_styles', 'fonts', 'all_sets_of_4_elements']
all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"]=enum_all_sets_with_no_self_reference()
print (all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"])
# ['colors', 'shapes', 'line_styles', 'fonts', 'all_sets_of_4_elements', 'set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference']
all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"]=enum_all_sets_with_no_self_reference()
print (all_sets["set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference"])
# ['colors', 'shapes', 'line_styles', 'fonts', 'all_sets_of_4_elements']
When a set has an element of itself, you can think of recursion here.
You see -- it's impossible to construct a set_of_sets_with_no_self_reference (try this manually). At each iteration, a link to itself is added, then removed, then added, etc. This is a fundamental flaw of naive set theory. As well as a bug in this code -- it's impossible to write such a code that will produce such a set.
If you read a Wikipedia article about paradox, you can find: Let us call a set "normal" if it is not a member of itself, and "abnormal" if it is a member of itself. Clearly every set must be either normal or abnormal. In our terms, "normal" set is a set with no self-references. "Abnormal" sets are sets with self-references.
If you're familiar with the Barber paradox, ones who shaves everyone else except himself/herself is the analogy of "normal" set with no self-references. Ones who shaves themselves is the analogy of "abnormal" set with self-references. Now you can't classify a barber. (In real life, of course, no one forces you to be a member of either first or the second group.)
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